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Roll-on deodorant Rexona 'Degree' brand A deodorant is a substance applied to the body to prevent caused by the bacterial breakdown of in armpits, feet, and other areas of the body. A subgroup of deodorants, antiperspirants, affect odor as well as prevent sweating by affecting. Antiperspirants are typically applied to the, while deodorants may also be used on feet and other areas in the form of. In the United States, the classifies and regulates most deodorants as, but classifies antiperspirants as. The first commercial deodorant, was introduced and patented in the late nineteenth century by an in, Edna Murphey. The product was briefly withdrawn from the market in the U.S., but is currently available at U.S. Retailers under the brand Ban.

The modern formulation of the antiperspirant was by on January 28, 1941. This formulation was first found in 'Stopette' deodorant spray, which magazine called 'the best-selling deodorant of the early 1950s'. Stopette was later eclipsed by many other brands as the 1941 patent expired.

There is a popular myth that deodorant use is linked to breast cancer, but so far no such causal link has been substantiated in research. Contents.

History In 1888, the first commercial deodorant, was developed and patented by a U.S. In, Edna Murphey. The small company was bought by in 1931 and in the late 1940s, Helen Barnett Diserens developed an underarm applicator based on the newly invented. In 1952, the company began marketing the product under the name Ban Roll-On. The product was briefly withdrawn from the market in the U.S., but it is once again available at retailers in the U.S. Under the brand Ban.

In the UK it is sold under the names Mum Solid and Mum Pump Spray. Acquired Ban deodorant brand in 1998 and subsequently sold it to in 2000. In 1903, the first commercial antiperspirant was Everdry. The modern formulation of the antiperspirant was patented by on January 28, 1941. This patent addressed the problem of the excessive acidity of aluminum chloride and its excessive irritation of the skin, by combining it with a soluble or a similar compound. This formulation was first found in 'Stopette' deodorant spray, which called 'the best-selling deodorant of the early 1950s'.

'Stopette' gained its prominence as the first and long-time sponsor of the game show, and was later eclipsed by many other brands as the 1941 patent expired. Between 1942 and 1957 the market for deodorants increased 600 times to become a $70 million market. Deodorants were originally marketed primarily to women, but by 1957 the market had expanded to male users, and estimates were that 50% of men were using deodorants by that date. The Ban Roll-On product led the market in sales. In the early 1960s, the first antiperspirant in the marketplace was 's, whose brand was later sold to in 2006. Aerosols were popular because they let the user dispense a spray without coming in contact with the underarm area. By the late 1960s, half of all the antiperspirants sold in the U.S.

Were aerosols, and continued to grow in all sales to 82% by the early 1970s. However, in the late 1970s two problems arose which greatly changed the popularity of these products. First, in 1977 the (FDA) banned the active ingredient used in aerosols, aluminium zirconium chemicals, due to safety concerns over long term inhalation.

Second, the (EPA) limited the use of (CFC) propellants used in aerosols due to awareness that these gases can contribute to depleting the ozone layer. As the popularity of aerosols slowly decreased, stick antiperspirants became more popular. Overview. Stick antiperspirant/deodorant Human perspiration is largely odorless until it is by that thrive in hot, humid environments. The human underarm is among the most consistently warm areas on the surface of the human body, and provide moisture, which when excreted, has a vital cooling effect. When adult armpits are washed with pH soap, the skin loses its (pH 4.5 - 6), raising the skin pH and disrupting the skin barrier. As many bacteria thrive in this elevated pH environment, this makes the skin susceptible to bacterial colonization.

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The bacteria feed on the sweat from the and on dead skin and hair cells, releasing in their waste, which is the primary cause of body odor. Wicks the moisture away from the skin and aids in keeping the skin dry enough to prevent or diminish bacterial colonization. The hair is less susceptible to bacterial growth and therefore is ideal for preventing the bacterial odor. Deodorant Deodorants are classified and regulated as by the (FDA) and are designed to eliminate odor. Deodorants are often -based.

Alcohol initially stimulates sweating, but may also temporarily kill bacteria. Other active ingredients in deodorants include, and. Deodorants can be formulated with other, more persistent such as that slow bacterial growth or with metal compounds such as.

Deodorants may contain fragrances or natural intended to mask the odor of perspiration. In the past, deodorants included chemicals such as, acids, and, but some of these ingredients were messy, irritating to the skin or even. Over-the-counter products labeled as 'natural deodorant crystal' containing the chemical, which contains aluminum, have gained new-found popularity as an alternative health product, in spite of concerns about possible contact dermatitis. A popular alternative to modern commercial deodorants is, which is a common type of, also containing aluminum, sold in crystal form and often referred to as a deodorant crystal. It has been used as a deodorant throughout history in Thailand, the Far East, Mexico and other countries. Vaginal deodorant, in the form of sprays, and wipes, is often used by women to take away the smell of the.

Vaginal deodorants can sometimes cause. Deodorant antiperspirant.

Methenamine based antiperspirant for treatment of excessive sweating Deodorants combined with antiperspirant agents are classified as by the FDA. Antiperspirants attempt to stop or significantly reduce perspiration and thus reduce the moist climate in which bacteria thrive., and - compounds, most notably and, are frequently used in antiperspirants. Aluminium chlorohydrate and aluminium-zirconium tetrachlorohydrate gly are the most frequent active ingredients in commercial antiperspirants. Aluminium-based complexes react with the in the sweat to form a gel plug in the duct of the sweat gland. The plugs prevent the gland from excreting liquid and are removed over time by the natural of the skin. The metal salts work in another way to prevent sweat from reaching the surface of the skin: the aluminium salts interact with the keratin fibrils in the sweat ducts and form a physical plug that prevents sweat from reaching the skin’s surface. Aluminium salts also have a slight effect on the pores; causing them to contract, further preventing sweat from reaching the surface of the skin.

The blockage of a large number of sweat glands reduces the amount of sweat produced in the underarms, though this may vary from person to person. In the form of cream and spray is successfully used for treatment of excessive sweating and related to it odour. Antiperspirants are usually better applied before bed. Form Deodorants and antiperspirants come in many forms. What is commonly used varies in different countries. In Europe, are popular, as are cream and roll-on forms.

In North America, solid or gel forms are dominant. Health effects After using a deodorant containing zirconium, the skin may develop an, axillary response. Antiperspirants with, when applied to the axillae, can cause irritation and may promote sensitization to other ingredients in the antiperspirant. Deodorant crystals containing synthetically made were found to be a weak to the skin. Alcohol-free deodorant is available for those with sensitive skin.

Frequent use of deodorants was associated with blood concentrations of the. Aluminum toxicity. An aluminum-free deodorant. Deodorants without aluminum are sometimes recommended for patients with breast cancer or undergoing chemotherapy.

Is present most often in antiperspirants in the form of. Aluminum chlorohydrate is not the same as the compound, which has been established as a. At high doses, aluminum itself adversely affects the, is capable of causing damage, and has adverse effects. The, in a monograph dedicated to analysing the safety of deodorants, concluded that 'despite many investigators looking at this issue, the agency does not find data from topical and inhalation chronic exposure animal and human studies submitted to date sufficient to change the monograph status of aluminum containing antiperspirants', therefore allowing their use and vowing to keep monitoring the scientific literature. Members of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (Europe) concluded that 'due to the lack of adequate data on dermal penetration to estimate the internal dose of aluminium following cosmetic uses, risk assessment cannot be performed.' Breast cancer The myth that breast cancer is believed to be linked with deodorant use has been widely circulated, and appears to originate from a email sent in 1999; however, there is no evidence to support the existence of such a link. One constituent of deodorant products which has given cause for concern are, a chemical additive.

According to the 'studies have not shown any direct link between parabens and any health problems, including breast cancer'. Kidney dysfunction The FDA has 'acknowledged that small amounts of aluminium can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and through the skin.' , leading to a warning 'that people with may not be aware that the daily use of antiperspirant drug products containing aluminium may put them at a higher risk because of exposure to aluminium in the product.' The agency warns people with kidney dysfunction to consult a before using antiperspirants containing aluminum. Aerosol burns and frostbite If aerosol deodorant is held close to the skin for long enough, it can cause an —a form of.

In controlled tests, spray deodorants have been shown to cause temperature drops of over 60 °C in a short period of time. Clothing , a common antiperspirant, can react with sweat to create yellow stains on clothing. Are an alternative to antiperspirants that do not leave stains. See also. References.

People have kept asking for a guide on the practicals. As I have explained before I am not producing one. It is worth remembering paper 3 is only partially practical based. There will be multiple choice questions and short answer questions on all parts of the syllabus. There are no short cuts. You need to know everything practical or non practical.

It is not going to be an easy paper. You will need to know the 12 required practicals but you will also get questions on other practicals which may be unfamiliar. A few updates (mostly to AQA notes). Some students have been asking for a practical revision guide.

I will not be producing one at the moment. I took the decision to integrate the practical notes into the relevant chapters with the linked theory, and I think this is the best way to approach the practical material. The AQA paper 3 will be a combined practical and synoptic theory paper.

I have done some updates to practical material though, notably in where I have included extensive notes on the practical measuring kc. This is not actually a required practical but it has been a favourite in the past on AQA practical papers.

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I have also included notes on solving equilibrium constant equations algebraically which I think are going to appear on the new exams (although not with quadratic equations). I have changed terminology in to use uncertainty instead of error. The other chapters I have changed have been labelled with (updated February 2017) I have also produced a for the new syllabus This entry was posted in on.